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  1. #301
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Newly discovered dwarf planet takes 700 years to orbit the sun
    By James Griffiths, CNN | Updated 2:00 AM ET, Tue July 12, 2016


    The orbit of newly discovered dwarf planet RR245.

    (CNN) - A new dwarf planet has been discovered in the icy realms of space beyond Neptune, researchers said Monday.

    An international team of astronomers spotted the tiny world using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope as part of the ongoing Outer Solar System Origins Survey.

    "The icy worlds beyond Neptune trace how the giant planets formed and then moved out from the Sun. They let us piece together the history of our Solar System," Michele Bannister of the University of Victoria in British Columbia said in a statement.

    "But almost all of these icy worlds are painfully small and faint: it's really exciting to find one that's large and bright enough that we can study it in detail."

    Icy dwarfs

    Planet RR245 is around 435 miles wide, just over 5% the width of the Earth, and has one of the largest orbits of any dwarf planet, taking an estimated 700 years to travel around the sun.

    There are believed to be as many as 200 dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt, the huge mass of comets, frozen rocks and other objects orbiting the sun beyond Neptune.

    However, only five objects -- Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris -- had previously been observed well enough to be sure they fit the classification for dwarf planet (and weren't, say, mere planetoids, or moons of other trans-Neptunian objects).

    "Worlds of this size are fascinating because they can potentially tell us about what makes an object go from being an unchanging lumpy mashed-together structure of ice and rock to having geological processes that separate and rearrange its material, as happens on Pluto," says Bannister.

    "The size of RR245 is not yet exactly known, as its surface properties need further measurement. It's either small and shiny, or large and dull."
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  2. #302
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Astronomers find a freak Frankenstein galaxy made of parts of other galaxies
    By NASA/JPL (Astronomy News) | Published: Monday, July 11, 2016

    The unassuming galaxy turns out to have a lot of parts taken from galaxies that came before.



    About 250 million light-years away, there's a neighborhood of our universe that astronomers had considered quiet and unremarkable. But now, scientists have uncovered an enormous, bizarre galaxy possibly formed from the parts of other galaxies.

    A new study to be published in the Astrophysical Journal reveals the secret of UGC 1382, a galaxy that had originally been thought to be old, small and typical. Instead, scientists using data from NASA telescopes and other observatories have discovered that the galaxy is 10 times bigger than previously thought and, unlike most galaxies, its insides are younger than its outsides, almost as if it had been built using spare parts.

    "This rare, 'Frankenstein' galaxy formed and is able to survive because it lies in a quiet little suburban neighborhood of the universe, where none of the hubbub of the more crowded parts can bother it," said study co-author Mark Seibert of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, California. "It is so delicate that a slight nudge from a neighbor would cause it to disintegrate."

    Seibert and Lea Hagen, a graduate student at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, came upon this galaxy by accident. They had been looking for stars forming in run-of-the-mill elliptical galaxies, which do not spin and are more three-dimensional and football-shaped than flat disks. Astronomers originally thought that UGC 1382 was one of those.

    But while looking at images of galaxies in ultraviolet light through data from NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), a behemoth began to emerge from the darkness.

    "We saw spiral arms extending far outside this galaxy, which no one had noticed before, and which elliptical galaxies should not have," said Hagen, who led the study. "That put us on an expedition to find out what this galaxy is and how it formed."

    Researchers then looked at data of the galaxy from other telescopes: the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Large Array and Carnegie's du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. After GALEX revealed previously unseen structures to the astronomers, optical and infrared light observations from the other telescopes allowed the researchers to build a new model of this mysterious galaxy.

    As it turns out, UGC 1382, at about 718,000 light-years across, is more than seven times wider than the Milky Way. It is also one of the three largest isolated disk galaxies ever discovered, according to the study. This galaxy is a rotating disk of low-density gas. Stars don't form here very quickly because the gas is so spread out.

    But the biggest surprise was how the relative ages of the galaxy's components appear backwards. In most galaxies, the innermost portion forms first and contains the oldest stars. As the galaxy grows, its outer, newer regions have the youngest stars. Not so with UGC 1382. By combining observations from many different telescopes, astronomers were able to piece together the historical record of when stars formed in this galaxy -- and the result was bizarre.

    "The center of UGC 1382 is actually younger than the spiral disk surrounding it," Seibert said. "It's old on the outside and young on the inside. This is like finding a tree whose inner growth rings are younger than the outer rings."

    The unique galactic structure may have resulted from separate entities coming together, rather than a single entity that grew outward. In other words, two parts of the galaxy seem to have evolved independently before merging -- each with its own history.

    At first, there was likely a group of small galaxies dominated by gas and dark matter, which is an invisible substance that makes up about 27 percent of all matter and energy in the universe (our own matter is only 5 percent). Later, a lenticular galaxy, a rotating disk without spiral arms, would have formed nearby. At least 3 billion years ago, the smaller galaxies may have fallen into orbit around the lenticular galaxy, eventually settling into the wide disk seen today.

    More galaxies like this may exist, but more research is needed to look for them.

    "By understanding this galaxy, we can get clues to how galaxies form on a larger scale, and uncover more galactic neighborhood surprises," Hagen said.

    The GALEX mission, which ended in 2013 after more than a decade of scanning the skies in ultraviolet light, was led by scientists at Caltech in Pasadena, California. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also in Pasadena, managed the mission and built the science instrument. Data for the 2MASS and WISE missions are archived at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) at Caltech. JPL is managed by Caltech for NASA.
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  3. #303
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    NASA captures the Moon crossing the face of the Earth, for the second time
    By Jordan Rice, Astronomy Magazine | Wednesday, July 13, 2016

    For the second time in a year, a NASA camera has documented the moon traversing across the Earth.



    An image EPIC took of the transit of the Moon in front of the Earth (NASA)

    The camera aboard NASA and NOAA's Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite captured images of the moon as it passed in front of the sunlit side of the Earth for the second time.

    "For the second time in the life of DSCOVR, the moon moved between the spacecraft and Earth,” said Adam Szabo, a DSCOVR project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in a press release. "The project recorded this event on July 5 with the same cadence and spatial resolution as the first ‘lunar photobomb’ of last year."

    The Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard DSCOVR is a four-megapixel charge coupled device (CCD) camera and telescope that is orbiting at one million miles (1,609,344 kilometers) from Earth at L1 orbit. The mission of DSCOVR is to study the real-time solar wind for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as the satellite is strategically placed between the Earth and Sun. Meanwhile, EPIC is in constant view of the Earth by monitoring the ozone, cloud height, aerosols, and vegetation in the atmosphere.

    The images shown were taken on July 4th at 11:50 p.m. EDT through July 5th at 3:18 a.m. EDT. The Moon moves over first the Pacific Ocean showing Australia, then into the Indian Ocean on its way past Asia with the North Pole at the top of the images. The last time EPIC took similar images was on July 16th, 2015 between 3:50 p.m. and 8:45 p.m EDT.

    The satellite is orbiting around the Sun-Earth system at the first Lagrange point, which is where the gravitational pull from the Sun is equal and opposite to that of the Earth. The orbit changes from elliptical to circular and back again in an orbit called a Lissajous orbit. DSCOVR, in its orbit, intersects the Moon’s orbit approximately four times a year, but only appears between the Earth and the satellite only twice in a year.

    The video of the moon’s transit across the Earth is available from the URL below:

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    Last edited by ilan; 07-14-2016 at 08:28 PM.
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  4. #304
    Super Moderator at Work Marley's Avatar
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    i like very nice pic

  5. #305
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Yes, it is wild looking!
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  6. #306
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Sun Makes Nervous Face with Hole in Its Head (Video)
    By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer | July 15, 2016 07:01am ET
    The sun seems to be making a nervous face in this image, which was captured on July 14, 2016 by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft. Credit: NASA/SDO/AIA
    The sun has been making some anxious faces lately — but you'd be worried, too, if a huge hole had just opened up on your head.

    The sun's apparent nervousness crops up in photos captured over the past few days by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO); you can see the gorgeous images compiled into a video here. (See below)

    The sun's "eyes" are actually active regions, which serve as launch pads for solar flares and the eruptions of superheated solar plasma known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). And the anxious, crinkly mouth is a coronal hole, a relatively cool and dark region where the sun's magnetic field lies open to interplanetary space.

    Material zooms away from coronal holes as part of the high-speed solar wind, which can cause geomagnetic storms here on Earth. Indeed, particles flowing from a coronal hole last autumn triggered powerful auroral displays, NASA officials said.

    But the "mouth" is middling as far as coronal holes go; a much larger one is visible in the new SDO images as well, draped over the top of the solar sphere like a bad toupee.

    The human brain searches hard for patterns and meaning in the data it analyzes, which explains why people may see a face in the sun or on Mars, a man in the moon, or Jesus Christ on a piece of toast. This phenomenon, seeing a recognizable shape in a random image, is known as pareidolia.

    "The pareidolia is strong today #FaceOfTheSun," astrophysicist Karl Battams, of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., tweeted today (July 14), along with a photo of the "anxious" sun.

    The $800 million SDO mission launched in February 2010. The spacecraft's high-definition photos are helping researchers better understand the sun's magnetic field and solar activity, including how and why that activity varies over time.

    Code:
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    Last edited by ilan; 07-15-2016 at 12:19 PM.
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  7. #307
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Why do we really need space travel?
    06/10/2016 12:35 pm 12:35:42 | Updated Jun 10, 2016
    Dr. Sten Odenwald Astronomer, NASA Heliophysics Education Consortium

    To paraphrase Einstein ‘Passion without science is blind, and science without passion is lame’. The case for human expansion into the cosmos is often made with passion but involves little actual science. Here’s what I mean.

    Manifest Destiny V2.0

    First of all, whether humans reach the stars, or even destinations in the outer solar system, is not a matter of technology at all, although it is often couched in these terms. Proponents love to invoke the ‘If you build it they will come’ and Human Manifest Destiny arguments for space travel at these scales. All you have to do is invest in the creation of the infrastructure for travel (rockets etc) and that alone will open up the universe to humanity. But in actuality, whether we decide as a Society to make the journey or not is not an engineering question at all. Instead, it is the result of answering the three questions human explorers have had to answer. Where should we go? What will we do when we get there? and How will it benefit folks back home?


    Human migrations in a nurturing biosphere.

    For millions of years, human exploration has been on foot, and we have moved from place to place within a very lovely and nurturing biosphere. We have not had to drag along our own oxygen supply and food as we went. We have not had to live in pressurized spacesuits or confining habitats as we traveled from Africa to Northern Europe and the Americas. All we needed to do is to follow our migrating food supply and wear a bit of clothing. This has led to what is essentially the genetically-inherited notion that humans should, and can, always expand into new niches of the world with a little bit of ingenuity and a hungry stomach. In essence our Manifest Destiny of travel and exploration is literally an idea carried in our genes. Even most non-human species have this same notion, though they do not verbalize it as well as we humans. There is absolutely no penalty for acting upon this exploration meme, and no matter in what niche you end up on the face of Earth, you can always create a suitable set of technological solutions to help you adapt to the climate and hunt for food. In most cases, it costs next to nothing to set up these habitats as any Alaskan survivalist will be more than happy to tell you. All you need is an ax and a stand of trees. But as anyone will tell you, these are not the conditions that prevail in space.

    There is not a single destination in the solar system where humans can survive without a spacesuit and a confined, pressurized and sealed habitat. I am not making this up because I am a dour astronomer trying to crush your dreams of colonization. So already as humans accustomed to open spaces and the freedom of wearing light clothing most of the time, we are already out of our league when it comes to living on the easily accessible landscapes beyond Earth. What does Manifest Destiny look like under these conditions? Instead of it being supported by the inexpensive demands of walking around in our nurturing biosphere, it is now a socially—costly activity for those living on Earth with no prospects that more than a few hundred of the 7 billion humans will directly benefit from the journey. As any space economist will tell you, what is mined and created in space has to stay there. Again, it has nothing to do with the particular technology for getting there.

    A bit of history.

    Right now, it cost $150 billion to create the International Space Station in near-Earth orbit. This 6-person, cramped, rabbits-warren of tunnels is constantly re-supplied by cargo shuttles carrying oxygen, water and food to keep astronauts alive. The ISS is also close enough to Earth that, psychologically, the astronauts still feel connected to the lovely Blue Marble they see outside their windows. They can even Tweet and Skype! Physiologically, although we can stem the tide of muscular and skeletal degeneration, on long-term visits, the immune systems of astronauts get trashed. Keeping people in aseptic environments is the fastest way we know to weakening the immune system, but this is the assumed environment for space activities: No dirt allowed!


    What the inside of the space station looks like.

    No other major human expedition on Earth was launched for purely scientific reasons. They were always based upon a geopolitical (national pride) or economic (‘There be gold in them thar hills!’) argument whether it was Marco Polo, Leif Ericsson, Sir Francis Drake, or the NASA space program, which took us to the moon. For anyone to argue that ‘striving to explore the unknown’ is the primary reason, neither does not understand actual human history nor understands how human exploration has been carried out and for what reasons. It has always been for economic returns, or a demonstration of political prowess, or security.

    So what do we do?

    Space beckons, but only a dispassionate assessment of our motivations will land us upon an actual working strategy that can be widely embraced and lead to traditional, and perhaps ancient and genetically-based, reasons for undertaking the effort. Self-preservation is the biggest of these, and it is also the easiest to comprehend. That is why a vigorous program of planetary defense needs to be reasserted as a major priority. If the 2015 Chelyabinsk Meteor had detonated over New York City, casualties from flying glass alone would have been in the thousands. That, by the way, is more than the anticipated Mars colony size for the next 100 years.
    Last edited by ilan; 07-16-2016 at 01:22 PM.
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  8. #308
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Some planets ripe for life may be doomed by billions of years of violent collisions
    By Nola Taylor Redd, Astronomy Magazine | Published: Friday, July 15, 2016

    Crashing planets mean bad news for evolving life.

    This artist's depiction of HD 131488 shows one known planetary pile-up, albeit around a more sunlike star. A new study suggests that some red dwarf stars may have planets that continue to smash into each other for years. Lynette Cook for Gemini Observatory/AURA
    Early planetary systems are violent, but eventually they settle down, giving planets the chance to stabilize and, in some cases, life a chance to emerge. But new research shows that some established stars have more collisions than anticipated, suggesting ongoing violence that could mean bad news for the survival of life around other stars.

    After a star forms, planets rise from the disk of dust and debris around it. When worlds collide, they produce excessive light in the infrared. Within about a few hundred million years, most of the debris is gone, consumed by growing planets or cast out of the system completely. Astronomers have detected signs of the worlds wrangling with one another during their violent youth.

    “Since most collisions around other stars were found around 100 million years, the interpretation was that it was at the very end of planet formation, as planetary collisions,” said Christopher Theissen, a graduate student at Boston University. After that, the planets should settle into stable orbits until their stars change things up.

    In some cases, however, things don’t settle down as the stars get older. Theissen studied cool red dwarf stars, the dim objects that make up more than 75 percent of the Milky Way galaxy, searching for extremely bright infrared light. Along with young stars lighting up their debris disk, he also found hundreds of stars with bright signals long after their disks were gone.

    “We are seeing tons of energy in the infrared, even more than we expected to see from a disk,” he said.

    The bright bursts suggest that planets continue colliding long after the disk is gone and the worlds should be stable. Theissen presented the research during a poster session at the American Astronomical Society summer meeting in San Diego, California.

    The long lifetime of red dwarfs, along with the fact that they make up most of the stars in the galaxy, have led some scientists to propose that they could host potentially habitable exoplanets, despite the large flares that dose their worlds with radiation. Once the planets settle into stable orbits, they should last for ages. But if the planets continue to spar with one another, crashing and colliding past their violent youth, their potential habitability may be more questionable.

    The collisions Theissen identified weren’t asteroids scraping a world, like the one that played a role in the extinction of the dinosaurs. He compared them instead to the crash that formed Earth’s moon. Early in Earth’s lifetime, it collided with a Mars-sized object, liquefying Earth’s crust and causing the two objects to trade their lighter ingredients. Collisions like these would wipe out life anywhere on the planet.

    Spotting a single event like this around a random star would be “super lucky”, Theissen said.

    He relied instead on an incredibly large sample size. To find mature stars with signs of planetary warfare, Theissen searched through a catalog of 9 million stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. He pulled out approximately 185,000 objects with an intriguing infrared signal. Infrared light from most of the parent stars fell in the expected range, but 370 were brighter than anticipated, suggesting that their planets fought on long after they hit maturity. Less than a tenth of a percent of the stars showed signs of colliding planets during the observations, but they suggest other collisions may occur throughout the life of the dim young stars.

    Theissen isn’t sure why planets around some red dwarfs seem to be fighting past their early years, but it isn’t a good sign for anyone hoping to spot life around the dim stars. His next step is to simulate collisions around red dwarfs to find out how often worlds assault one another, then compare that to his current findings. At the same time, upcoming instruments like NASA’s James Webb Telescope can definitively rule out the possibility that the brightness comes from background galaxies, a possible concern.
    Last edited by ilan; 07-17-2016 at 11:39 AM.
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  9. #309
    SPACE ACE Capt.Kangaroo's Avatar
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    Nasa denies it cut live video feed of UFO from space station to hide existence of aliens (but they would say that, wouldn’t they!)



    Nasa has denied cutting the live feed to the International Space Station as a strange unidentified object flew through the shot.UFO hunters spotted the flying object in video footage beamed back from the space station on July 9 before it abruptly cut out.
    The incident led to renewed conspiracy theories that the US space agency was trying to cover up the existence of aliens.


    363664E600000578-0-image-a-63_1468366790414.jpg
    The latest incident occurred on July 9 and was first reported by prolific UFO hunter Streetcap1, who uploaded a video of the incident to YouTube. However, even he cautions the object could be easily explained. Other enthusiasts believe it could be the Chinese space cargo ship Tiangong-1.


    But it has now insisted there is a mundane explanation for why the feed was interrupted.


    A Nasa spokesman told CNET that the video feed comes from its High Definition Earth Viewing experiment on board the ISS.
    This experiment has four high definition cameras mounted on the exterior of the space station that provide different angles of the Earth.
    According to Nasa, the experiment is programmed to automatically cycle between the different cameras
    Pointed at the Earth.

    The spokesman told CNET: 'The station regularly passes out of range of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) used to send and receive video, voice and telemetry from the station.
    'For video, whenever we lose signal (video comes down on our higher bandwidth, called KU) the cameras will show a blue screen (indicating no signal) or a preset video slate.'


    Nasa has denied cutting the live feed to the International Space Station as a strange unidentified object flew through the shot.UFO hunters spotted the flying object in video footage beamed back from the space station on July 9 before it abruptly cut out.
    The incident led to renewed conspiracy theories that the US space agency was trying to cover up the existence of aliens.


    Videos and More here....
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    I gather darkness to please me...

  10. #310
    Moderator at Work ilan's Avatar
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    Well, no matter, it is always fun to have something unexplained concerning extraterrestrials.
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